grapevine (vitis vinifera l.) regeneration via somatic embryogenesis from whole flower explant

abstract to produce embryogenic callus and somatic embryo, whole flower explants were collected at two sampling stages of i, iii. to produce embryogenic callus and somatic embryo, ms medium supplemented with 5 and 10µm 2,4-d and 2µm bap were used. for embryo differentiation, ms medium with 0.5mg/l iba, ms medium without any plant growth regulators, ms medium with 2mg/l iba and 0.2mg/l bap, ms medium with 5µm 2,4-d and 1µm bap and finally ms medium with 2mg/l bap were used. at embryo germination stage, ms medium with 1mg/l bap and nn medium and cold treatment for 2 weeks were used. results showed that in all studied cultivar, collection of whole flower explant at first sampling time resulted in highest percent of embryogenic callus and somatic embryo production. response of explant to media were affected by genotype, as yaghouti, bidaneh sefid and flame seedless in ms medium supplemented with 5µm 2,4-d and 1µm bap produced highest percent of somatic embryogenic callus. however, shahroodi did better in ms medium supplemented with 5 or 2µm bap, and askari respond well to ms medium supplemented with 10µm 2,4-d and 2µm bap. once again, at embryo differentiation stage, each cultivar produced highest percent of somatic embryo in particular medium. for embryo germination and plantlets production, ms medium supplemented with 1µm bap without chilling was best for bidaneh sefid, yaghouti and shahroodi, whereas askari and flame seedless did best embryo germination and plantlet regeneration in ms medium supplemented with 1µm bap accompanied by chilling treatment.